The effects of different metal posts, cements, and exposure parameters on cone-beam computed tomography artifacts.

Purpose: This study assessed the intensity of artifacts produced by 2 metal posts, 2 cements, and different exposure parameters using 2 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) units. Materials and Methods: The sample was composed of 20 single-rooted premolars, divided into 4 groups: Ni-Cr/zinc phosphate, Ni-Cr/resin cement, Ag-Pd/zinc phosphate, and Ag-Pd/resin cement. Samples were scanned before and after post insertion and cementation using a CS9000 3D scanner with 4 exposure parameters (85/90 kV and 6.3/10 mA) and an i-CAT scanner with 120 kV and 5 mA. The presence of artifacts was assessed subjectively by 2 observers and objectively by a trained observer using ImageJ software. The Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, weighted kappa, and chi-square tests were used to assess data at a 95% confidence level (α<0.05). Results: In the subjective analyses, AgPd presented more hypodense and hyperdense lines than NiCr (P<0.05), and more hypodense halos were found using i-CAT (P<0.05) than using CS9000 3D. More hypodense halos, hypodense lines, and hyperdense lines were observed at 10 mA than at 6.3 mA (P<0.05). More hypodense halos were observed at 85 kV than at 90 kV (P<0.05). CS9000 3D presented more hypodense and hyperdense lines than i-CAT (P<0.05). In the objective analyses, AgPd presented higher percentages of hyperdense and hypodense artifacts than NiCr (P<0.05). Zinc phosphate cement presented higher hyperdense artifact percentages on CS9000 3D scans (P<0.05). CS9000 3D presented higher artifact percentages than i-CAT (P<0.05). Conclusion: High-atomic-number alloys, higher tube current, and lower tube voltage may increase the artifacts present in CBCT images.

Cement selection criteria for different types of intracanal posts.

Background: To consciously select an appropriate dental cement for each type of intracanal post. Materials and Methods: An electronic search was carried out (1970 to 2020) through Medline, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The following keywords were searched in title, abstract, or keywords with different combinations: endodontically treated tooth, root canal therapy, dental posts, post and core, prefabricated posts, custom posts, dental cement, resin cements, cement selection, cement, and adhesive resin cement. Results: Evaluating full texts, 146 articles were selected to review the types of posts and cements, selection criteria of appropriate cement for each type of post, and compare the results obtained by different cements. Conclusion: Dental cements affect the survival rate, durability, and success rate of postbased treatments. Considering special characteristics and application of each type of intracanal post, conscious selection of cement is an important determining factor in long-lasting success. Choosing an appropriate cement has a key role in success and durability of dowel posts-based fixed restorations.

Comparison of 3- and 90-day bond strengths of 3 types of cement to nickel-chromium alloy.

The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the 3- and 90-day bond strengths of 3 cements used for luting metal-ceramic crowns. Zinc phosphate cement (ZPC; SS White), resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC; Fuji Plus), and self-adhesive resin cement (SARC; RelyX U200) were assessed in 2 different treatment conditions (with and without microsandblasting of the alloy) and at 2 experimental times (3 days [E1] and 90 days [E2] after cementation). The buccal surfaces of 84 bovine teeth were ground until the dentin was exposed, and 84 nickel-chromium alloy plates cast from a resin model were cemented to the dentin surfaces with 1 of the 3 cements (n = 28). In half of the specimens of each group (n = 14), the bonding surfaces of the nickel-chromium plates received 6 seconds of microsandblasting with 45-µm aluminum oxide particles prior to cementation. The compressive shear bond strengths of the specimens were evaluated in a universal testing machine at E1 and E2 (n = 7). The SARC group showed the greatest bond strength, followed by the RMGIC group, while the bond strength of the ZPC group was significantly lower (P < 0.01). For the RMGIC specimens subjected to microsandblasting, there was a statistically significant difference between the mean bond strengths at E1 and E2 (P = 0.040). All of the other cement and treatment groups showed statistically similar adhesion results at E1 and E2 (P > 0.05). The complementary test by Sidák revealed that the cements Fuji Plus and RelyX U200 showed higher values at E2 and were statistically similar to each other (P > 0.05). Although RMGIC specimens showed a lower initial bond strength than SARC specimens, the fact that the microsandblasted RMGIC subgroup was the only one that demonstrated a significant increase in bond strength with aging suggests that RMGIC can be a material of first choice because it also costs less than SARC.

Investigating the mechanophysical and biological characteristics of therapeutic dental cement incorporating copper doped bioglass nanoparticles.

OBJECTIVE: This study was investigated the mechanophysical properties of zinc phosphate cement (ZPC) with or without the copper doped bioglass nanoparticles (Cu-BGn) and their biological effect on dental pulp human cells and bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cu-BGn were synthesized and characterized firstly and then, the experimental (Cu-ZPC) and control (ZPC) samples were fabricated with similar sizes and/or dimensions (diameter: 4 mm and height: 6 mm) based on the International Organization of Standards (ISO). Specifically, various concentrations of Cu-BGn were tested, and Cu-BGn concentration was optimized at 2.5 wt% based on the film thickness and overall setting time. Next, we evaluated the mechanophysical properties such as compressive strength, elastic modulus, hardness, and surface roughness. Furthermore, the biological behaviors including cell viability and odontoblastic differentiation by using dental pulp human cells as well as antibacterial properties were investigated on the Cu-ZPC. All data were analyzed statistically using SPSS® Statistics 20 (IBM®, USA). p < 0.05 (*) was considered significant, and 'NS' represents nonsignificant. RESULTS: Cu-BGn was obtained via a sol-gel method and added onto the ZPC for fabricating a Cu-ZPC composite and for comparison, the Cu-free-ZPC was used as a control. The film thickness (≤ 25 µm) and overall setting time (2.5-8 min) were investigated and the mechanophysical properties showed no significance ('NS') between Cu-ZPC and bare ZPC. However, cell viability and odontoblastic differentiation, alkaline phosphate (ALP) activity and alizarin red S (ARS) staining were highly stimulated in the extracts from the Cu-ZPC group compared to the ZPC group. Additionally, the antibacterial test showed that the Cu-ZPC extracts were more effective than the ZPC extracts (p < 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE: Cu-ZPC showed adequate mechanophysical properties (compressive strength, hardness, and surface roughness) and enhanced odontoblastic differentiation as well as antibacterial properties compared to the ZPC-only group. Based on the findings, the fabricated Cu-ZPC might have the potential for use in the field of dental medicine and clinical applications.

Cytotoxicity, Morphology and Chemical Composition of Two Luting Cements: An in Vitro Study

Abstract Objective: To assess the cytotoxicity, surface morphology, elemental compositions and chemical characterization of two commonly used luting cement. Material and Methods: The two luting types of cement used were Elite Cement® and Hy-Bond Resiglass®. Freshly mixed (n=6) and set form (n=6) of each cement was placed in medium to obtain extracts. The extract from each sample was exposed to L929 mouse fibroblasts (1x104cells/well). Alamar Blue Assay assessed cell viability. Surface morphology and elemental composition were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The chemical characterization was performed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. One-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey analysis were conducted to assess results. Results: Hy-Bond Resiglass® was the more cytotoxic of the two types of cement in both freshly mixed (68.10 +5.16; p<0.05) and set state (87.58 +4.86; p<0.05), compared to Elite Cement® both freshly mixed (77.01 +5.45; p<0.05) and set state (89.39 +5.66; p<0.05). Scanning electron microscopy revealed a more irregular and porous structure in Hy-Bond Resiglass® compared to Elite Cement®. Similarly, intense peaks of aluminium, tungsten and fluorine were observed in energy dispersive spectroscopy in Hy-Bond Resiglass. Conclusion: All these three elements (aluminium, tungsten and fluorine) have cytotoxic potential. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the presence of hydroxyethyl methacrylate in Hy-Bond Resiglass®, which has a cytotoxic potential.

Effect of cements on fracture resistance of monolithic zirconia crowns.

Objectives The present study investigated the effect of cements on fracture resistance of monolithic zirconia crowns in relation to their compressive strength. Materials and methods Four different cements were tested: zinc phosphate cement (ZPC), glass-ionomer cement (GIC), self-adhesive resin-based cement (SRC) and resin-based cement (RC). RC was used in both dual cure mode (RC-D) and chemical cure mode (RC-C). First, the compressive strength of each cement was tested according to a standard (ISO 9917-1:2004). Second, load-to-failure test was performed to analyze the crown fracture resistance. CAD/CAM-produced monolithic zirconia crowns with a minimal thickness of 0.5 mm were prepared and cemented to dies with each cement. The crown-die samples were loaded until fracture. Results The compressive strength of SRC, RC-D and RC-C was significantly higher than those of ZPC and GIC (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the fracture load of the crown between the groups. Conclusion The values achieved in the load-to-failure test suggest that monolithic zirconia crowns with a minimal thickness of 0.5 mm may have good resistance against fracture regardless of types of cements.

Effect of the action of diamond burs with high speed on the tensile strength of cores cemented with zinc phosphate at different preparation times / Efeito de pontas diamantadas com alta rotação na resistência à tração de núcleos cimentados com fosfato de zinco em diferentes tempos de preparação

Objective: To know the finishing effect, in order to be able to safely proceed with the cores preparation in the daily clinic, without compromising the prosthetic restoration longevity. Methods: This study used 48 human single-rooted premolars, which after the section of its crowns, were endodontically treated, and its root canal prepared 8 mm deep to receive cores casting in cobalt-chrome alloy. Cementing was made with zinc phosphate and the tensile test performed at different preparation times: G1 - without re-preparation after cementation (control); G2 - re-prepared 24 hours after cementation, and G3 - re-prepared 15 minutes after cementation. Results: Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in the tensile strength values in the different groups (p = 0.233), in other words, the core re-preparation 15 minutes or 24 hours after the cementation caused no significant reduction in tensile strength between the core and the root remaining when using the zinc phosphate cement. Conclusion: The metallic core re-preparation cast 15 minutes or 24 hours after cementation caused no significant reduction in tensile strength between the cast metallic core and the root remaining, although in absolute values there was an important difference.

Objetivo: Saber o efeito desse acabamento, para que se possa prosseguir com a preparação desses núcleos na clínica diária de forma segura, sem comprometer a longevidade da restauração protética. Métodos: Utilizou-se neste estudo, 48 pré-molares unirradiculares humanos, que após a secção de suas coroas, foram tratados endodonticamente, e seus condutos radiculares preparados com 8 mm de profundidade para receber núcleos fundidos em liga de cobalto-cromo. A cimentação foi feita com fosfato de zinco e o teste de tração realizado em diferentes tempos de preparação: G1- sem repreparo após a cimentação (controle); G2- repreparados 24 horas após a cimentação e G3- repreparados 15 minutos após a cimentação. Resultados: A análise estatística revelou não haver diferença significativa nos valores de resistência à tração nos diferentes grupos (p = 0,233), ou seja, o repreparo do núcleo após 15 minutos ou 24 horas da cimentação não causou redução significativa na resistência à tração entre o núcleo e o remanescente radicular quando se empregou cimento de fosfato de zinco. Conclusão: o repreparo do núcleo metálico fundido após 15 minutos ou 24 horas da cimentação não causou redução significativa na resistência à tração entre o núcleo metálico fundido e o remanescente radicular, embora em valores absolutos tenha havido uma diferença importante.

A Comparative Evaluation of the Retention of Tooth Coloured and Stainless Steel Endodontic Posts: An In-vitro Study.

AIMS: This in vitro study evaluated: a) the retention of stainless steel posts of 1.5 mm diameter which were cemented with Zinc Phosphate cement versus Glass fiber posts with 1.1 mm, 1.3 mm and 1.5 mm diameters which were cemented with resin cement and b) the effect of change in diameter on the retention of Glass fiber posts with 1.1 mm, 1.3 mm and 1.5 mm diameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty extracted mandibular premolar teeth were endodontically treated and randomly assigned to four groups of fifteen teeth each. In Groups I, II and III glass fibre posts with diameters 1.1 mm, 1.3 mm and 1.5 mm were cemented by using resin cement. In Group IV, stainless steel posts with diameter 1.5 mm were cemented by using zinc phosphate cement. The specimens were tested for tensile loading at a cross head speed of 2.0 mm/min, on a universal testing machine. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: One way analysis of variance and Tukey's (post-hoc) test. RESULTS: Mean tensile strength from highest to lowest was in the order of Group IV, Group II, Group III, Group I. Statistically significant differences were observed between the mean tensile strengths between Groups I and II, Groups I and III, Groups I and IV, Groups II and IV, Groups III and IV, while non significant differences were observed between Groups II and III. CONCLUSION: Stainless steel posts were more retentive than glass fibre posts. Glass fibre posts with 1.3 mm or 1.5 mm diameters provided significantly greater retention as compared to 1.1 mm diameter posts.

Endocrown: avaliação da resistência dos cimentos dentários / Endocrown: assessment of resistance of dental cements

O sistema endocrown está sendo cada vez mais usado para restaurações de dentes posteriores com coroas amplamente destruídas e visa uma máxima preservação de estruturas dentais remanescentes. O tipo de cimentação usado nesses casos é fundamental para o sucesso clínico, já que o cimento é usado para selar a interface dente/restauração unindo-os por algum tipo de interação, seja ela mecânica e/ou química. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar qual cimento é mais resistente quando submetidos ao teste de tração. Foram analisados três tipos de cimentos: Fosfato de zinco, ionômero de vidro e resinoso dual. Os testes foram realizados em próteses confeccionadas em resina acrílica e cimentadas em dentes bovinos previamente preparados de forma padronizada. Quando submetidos ao teste de ANOVA, o cimento resinoso dual e o fosfato de zinco apresentaram as maiores médias. Esta proximidade de resultados estimula maiores estudos com a cimentação de Endocrown com cimento convencional

The Endocrown system is being increasingly used for posterior restorations with crowns widely destroyed and aims for maximum preservation of remaining tooth structure. The type of cement used in these cases is crucial for clinical success, since the cement is used to seal the interface tooth/restoration joining them for some kind of interaction, whether mechanical and/or chemical. The purpose of this study was to evaluate which cement is more resistant when submitted to tensile test. Were analyzed three types of cements: zinc phosphate, glass ionomer, and resinous dual. The tests were performed in prostheses made of indirect composite resin and cemented in bovine teeth previously prepared in a standardized manner. When submitted to ANOVA test, the dual resin cement and zinc phosphate presented the highest means. This closeness results encourages further studies with cementation Endocrown with conventional cement

Effects of abutment taper on the uniaxial retention force of cement retained implant restorations / Effects of abutment taper on the uniaxial retention force of cement retained implant restorations / Efeito da conicidade do pilar na resistência de união de coroas cimentadas sobre implantes

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bond strength of metallic crowns cemented to straight and angled customizable abutments with zinc phosphate. Material and Method: Thirty-nine external hex nalogs and abutments were divided in group S: customizable straight abutment (n = 10), group A17 with 17° angled abutment (n = 10) and group A30 with 30° angled abutment (n = 10) all cemented with zinc phosphate. The metal copings were cemented onto their corresponding metal dies according manufacture guidelines. Data from the all groups were compared with a 1-way ANOVA (?=.05) and Tukey's test. SEM evaluation were performed (n = 3) aiming to investigate microscopic features of the abutment-cement-crown interfaces. Results: The mean force (SD) required to dislodge the crowns in the S, A17 and A30 groups was 357.26 (62.21) N; 251.50 (20.13) N and 276.70 (17.96) N respectively. The Tukey test (p <0.05) revealed a significant statistically differences between the groups (p =.002) and the 17° angled abutment and 30° angled abutment group were statistically similar to each other and different from the group of straight abutments. Zinc phosphate showed an inhomogeneous cement line in SEM analysis. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, it can be conclude that the available surface area and convergence of the abutments axial walls of the straight abutments positively influenced bond strength in metallic crowns cemented with zinc phosphate.

Comparing the effect of a resin based sealer on crown retention for three types of cements: an in vitro study.

To determine the effect of resin based sealer on retention of casting cemented with three different luting agents. 55 extracted molar teeth were prepared with a flat occlusal surface, 20° taper and 4 mm axial height. The axial surface of each specimen was determined. The specimen were then distributed into five groups based on decreasing surface area, so each cementation group contained 11 specimens with similar mean axial surface area. A two-step, single bottle universal adhesive system (One-Step-Resinomer, Bisco) was used to seal dentin after the tooth preparation. Sealer was not used on the control specimens except for the modified-resin cement (Resinomer, Bisco) specimens that required use of adhesive with cementation. Using ceramometal (Wirobond(®), BEGO), a casting was produced for each specimen and cemented with either zinc phosphate (Harvard), glass ionomer (Vivaglass) or modified resin cement (Resinomer) with single bottle adhesive. All the castings were cemented with a force of 20 kg. Castings were thermal cycled at 5 and 55 °C for 2,500 cycles and were then removed along the path of insertion using a universal testing machine at 0.5 mm/min. A single-factor ANOVA was used with a = 0.05. The nature of failure was also recorded. The mean stress removal for non sealed zinc phosphate, sealed zinc phosphate, non sealed glass ionomer, sealed glass ionomer and modified resin cement was found to be 3.56, 1.92, 2.40, 4.26, 6.95 MPa respectively. Zinc phosphate cement remained principally on the castings when the tooth surface was treated with the sealer and was found on both the tooth and the casting when the sealer was not used. Fracture of root before dislodgement was seen in 9 of 11 specimens with modified resin cement. Resin sealer decreases the retention of the castings when used with zinc phosphate and increases it when used with glass ionomer cement. The highest mean dislodgement force was measured with modified resin cement.

Influence of core-finishing intervals on tensile strength of cast posts-and-cores luted with zinc phosphate cement

The core finishing of cast posts-and-cores after luting is routine in dental practice. However, the effects of the vibrations produced by the rotary cutting instruments over the luting cements are not well-documented. This study evaluated the influence of the time intervals that elapsed between the cementation and the core-finishing procedures on the tensile strength of cast posts-and-cores luted with zinc phosphate cement. Forty-eight bovine incisor roots were selected, endodontically treated, and divided into four groups (n = 12): GA, control (without finishing); GB, GC, and GD, subjected to finishing at 20 minutes, 60 minutes, and 24 hours after cementation, respectively. Root canals were molded, and the resin patterns were cast in copper-aluminum alloy. Cast posts-and-cores were luted with zinc phosphate cement, and the core-finishing procedures were applied according to the groups. The tensile tests were performed at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min for all groups, 24 hours after the core-finishing procedures. The data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). No significant differences were observed in the tensile strengths between the control and experimental groups, regardless of the time interval that elapsed between the luting and finishing steps. Within the limitations of the present study, it was demonstrated that the core-finishing procedures and time intervals that elapsed after luting did not appear to affect the retention of cast posts-and-cores when zinc phosphate cement was used.

Diametral tensile strength and film thickness of an experimental dental luting agent derived from castor oil

The need to develop new dental luting agents in order to improve the success of treatments has greatly motivated research. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the diametral tensile strength (DTS) and film thickness (FT) of an experimental dental luting agent derived from castor oil (COP) with or without addition of different quantities of filler (calcium carbonate - CaCO3). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighty specimens were manufactured (DTS N=40; FT N=40) and divided into 4 groups: Pure COP; COP 10 percent; COP 50 percent and zinc phosphate (control). The cements were mixed according to the manufacturers' recommendations and submitted to the tests. The DTS test was performed in the MTS 810 testing machine (10 KN, 0.5 mm/min). For FT test, the cements were sandwiched between two glass plates (2 cm²) and a load of 15 kg was applied vertically on the top of the specimen for 10 min. The data were analyzed by means of one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). RESULTS: The values of DTS (MPa) were: Pure COP- 10.94±1.30; COP 10 percent- 30.06±0.64; COP 50 percent- 29.87±0.27; zinc phosphate- 4.88±0.96. The values of FT (µm) were: Pure COP- 31.09±3.16; COP 10 percent- 17.05±4.83; COP 50 percent- 13.03±4.83; Zinc Phosphate- 20.00±0.12. One-way ANOVA showed statistically significant differences among the groups (DTS - p=1.01E-40; FT - p=2.4E-10). CONCLUSION: The experimental dental luting agent with 50 percent of filler showed the best diametral tensile strength and film thickness.

Cytotoxicity Comparison of Harvard Zinc Phosphate Cement Versus Panavia F2 and Rely X Plus Resin Cements on Rat L929-fibroblasts.

OBJECTIVE: Resin cements, regardless of their biocompatibility, have been widely used in restorative dentistry during the recent years. These cements contain hydroxy ethyl methacrylate (HEMA) molecules which are claimed to penetrate into dentinal tubules and may affect dental pulp. Since tooth preparation for metal ceramic restorations involves a large surface of the tooth, cytotoxicity of these cements would be more important in fixed prosthodontic treatments. The purpose of this study was to compare the cytotoxicity of two resin cements (Panavia F2 and Rely X Plus) versus zinc phosphate cement (Harvard) using rat L929-fibroblasts in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this experimental study, ninety hollow glass cylinders (internal diameter 5-mm, height 2-mm) were made and divided into three groups. Each group was filled with one of three experimental cements; Harvard Zinc Phosphate cement, Panavia F2 resin cement and Rely X Plus resin cement. L929- Fibroblast were passaged and subsequently cultured in 6-well plates of 5×10(5) cells each. The culture medium was RPMI_ 1640. All samples were incubated in CO2. Using enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) and (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assay, the cytotoxicity of the cements was investigated at 1 hour, 24 hours and one week post exposure. Statistical analyses were performed via two-way ANOVA and honestly significant difference (HSD) Tukey tests. RESULTS: This study revealed significant differences between the three cements at the different time intervals. Harvard cement displayed the greatest cytotoxicity at all three intervals. After 1 hour Panavia F2 showed the next greatest cytotoxicity, but after 24-hours and oneweek intervals Rely X Plus showed the next greatest cytotoxicity. The results further showed that cytotoxicity decreased significantly in the Panavia F2 group with time (p<0.005), cytotoxicity increased significantly in the Rely X Plus group with time (p<0.001), and the Harvard cement group failed to showed no noticeable change in cytotoxicity with time. CONCLUSION: Although this study has limitations, it provides evidence that Harvard zinc phosphate cement is the most cytotoxic product and Panavia F2 appears to be the least cytotoxic cement over time.

Effects of high temperature on different restorations in forensic identification: Dental samples and mandible.

INTRODUCTION: The forensic odontologist strives to utilize the charred human dentition throughout each stage of dental evaluation, and restorations are as unique as fingerprints and their radiographic morphology as well as the types of filling materials are often the main feature for identification. The knowledge of detecting residual restorative material and composition of unrecovered adjacent restoration is a valuable tool-mark in the presumptive identification of the dentition of a burned victim. Gold, silver amalgam, silicate restoration, and so on, have a different resistance to prolonged high temperature, therefore, the identification of burned bodies can be correlated with adequate qualities and quantities of the traces. Most of the dental examination relies heavily on the presence of the restoration as well as the relationship of one dental structure to another. This greatly narrows the research for the final identification that is based on postmortem data. AIM: The purpose of this study is to examine the resistance of teeth and different restorative materials, and the mandible, to variable temperature and duration, for the purpose of identification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 72 extracted teeth which were divided into six goups of 12 teeth each based on the type of restorative material. (Group 1 - unrestored teeth, group 2 - teeth restored with Zn(3)(PO(4))(2), group 3 - with silver amalgam, group 4 with glass ionomer cement, group 5 - Ni-Cr-metal crown, group 6 - metal ceramic crown) and two specimens of the mandible. The effect of incineration at 400°C (5 mins, 15 mins, 30 mins) and 1100°C (15 mins) was studied. RESULTS: Damage to the teeth subjected to variable temperatures and time can be categorized as intact (no damage), scorched (superficially parched and discolored), charred (reduced to carbon by incomplete combustion) and incinerated (burned to ashes).

Post cementation sensitivity evaluation of glass Ionomer, zinc phosphate and resin modified glass Ionomer luting cements under class II inlays: An in vivo comparative study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to compare the patient-perceived post-cementation sensitivity of class II metal restorations preoperatively, immediately after cementation, one week after cementation and one month after cementation with (1) Glass Ionomer luting cement (2) Zinc Phosphate cement and (3) Resin-modified Glass Ionomer luting cement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 60 patients, irrespective of sex, in the age group of 15-50 years were selected and the teeth were randomly divided into three groups of 20 each. Twenty inlay cast restorations were cemented with three different luting cements. The criteria adapted to measure tooth sensitivity in the present study were objective examination for sensitivity. (1) Cold water test (2) Compressed air test and (3) Biting pressure test. RESULTS: The patients with restorations cemented with Resin-modified Glass ionomer demonstrated the least postoperative sensitivity when compared with Glass Ionomer and zinc phosphate cement at all different intervals of time evaluated by different tests. CONCLUSION: The patients with restorations cemented with resin-modified Glass ionomer demonstrated the least postoperative sensitivity.

Comparing the retention of cast posts cemented with three different kinds of cement / Comparação da retenção de pinos fundidos cimentados com três tipos de cimento

Objective: To check and compare the retention of cast posts cemented with three different kinds of cement. Method: Forty five 45 human permanent maxillary incisors were randomly divided into three groups of 15 teeth. Root canals were prepared for the cast posts up to 8.5mm in length. The cast post obtained randomly were cemented with the help of the three cements (Zinc Phosphate, Glass-ionomer and resin modified Glass-ionomer [hybrid] cement). After cementation, the samples were stored in a physiological solution for seven days, after which we concluded the measure of retentive strength with the help of the universal testing machine (Zwick num. 112627, Ulm-Germany). Results: The hybrid cement has the greatest means value for retention and it is 312.90 N. It is followed by the Glass-ionomer cement with 272.40 N, while the Zinc Phosphate has the least, at 312.90 N. The statistical analysis shows that there is a statistical difference in the retention strength between the Zinc Phosphate cement and the Glass-ionomer (p<0.01), between the Zinc Phosphate cement and the hybrid cement (p<0.01). Conclusion: A significant statistical discrepancy was not manifested between the Glass-ionomer cement and the hybrid cement even though the difference in retention strength for these two cements was around 40 N.

Objetivo: Verificar e comparar a retenção de pinos fundidos cimentados com três diferentes tipos de cimento. Método: Quarenta e cinco incisivos superiores permanentes humanos foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos de 15 dentes cada um. Os canais radiculares foram preparados para receberem pinos fundidos de até 8.5 mm de comprimento. Os pinos foram cimentados com um dos três tipos de cimentos a seguir: cimento de fosfato de zinco, cimento de ionômero de vidro e cimento de ionômero de vidro modificado por resina (híbrido). Após a cimentação, as amostras foram armazenadas em solução salina durante 7 dias e então submeti das à análise da força de retenção em máquina universal de ensaios (Zwick num. 112627, Ulm-Germany). Resultados: O cimento híbrido apresentou o maior valor médio de retenção (312.90 N), seguido do cimento de ionômero de vidro (272.40 N) e do cimento de fosfato de zinco (312.90 N). A análise estatística mostrou diferença estatisticamente significante nos valores de retenção entre o cimento de fosfato de zinco e o cimento de ionômero de vidro (p<0,01), e entre o cimento de fosfato de zinco e o cimento híbrido (p<0,01). Conclusão: Não houve discrepância significativa entre o cimento de ionômero de vidro e o cimento híbrido, embora a diferença na força de retenção entre os dois materiais tenha sido de aproximadamente 40 N.

Cimentos usados em prótese fixa: uma pesquisa com especialistas em prótese de Porto Alegre / Cements used for fixed prosthodontics: a survey with Porto Alegre specialists

Actually, many dental cements are available to cement fixed prosthesis at dental clinical practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cements used to fixed prosthesis by specialists who work at city of Porto Alegre with a questionnaire. A questionnaire with 22 questions was elaborated and applied to professionals registered at Regional Dentistry Council (CRO). From the 225 electable subjects, 39 were excluded. The sample of 186 specialists, 72 weren´t interviewed. The 114 interviewed subjects represented a 61.29% of response rate. The graduate year of 52% of subjects was between 1981 and 2000, and 63% finished the post graduate course after 1991. To final cementation of fixed metal ceramic prosthesis, 65% used zinc phosphate cement. However, to cements metal free fixed prosthesis, 57% used resinous cement. With technological advances at rehabilitation materials, new materials and techniques were developed. However, the zinc phosphate cement is still the first choice to cement metal ceramic prosthesis to Porto Alegre specialists.

Atualmente, diversos cimentos são utilizados para cimentação de próteses fixas na prática clínica odontológica. Sendo assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o uso de cimentos para prótese fixa por especialistas em prótese dentária que atuam no município de Porto Alegre. Para isso, um questionário com 22 perguntas foi elaborado e aplicado a tais profissionais registrados no Conselho Regional de Odontologia. Dentre os 225 indivíduos elegíveis, 39 foram excluídos. Da amostra de 186 especialistas, 72 não foram entrevistados. Os 114 indivíduos entrevistados representaram uma taxa de resposta de 61,29%. O ano de graduação de 52% dos respondentes foi entre 1981 e 2000 e 63% concluíram o curso de pós-graduação após 1991. Para cimentação final de próteses fixas métalo-cerâmicas, 65% dos dentistas usavam cimento de fosfato de zinco. Entretanto, para prótese fixas livres de metal, 57% utilizavam cimento resinoso. Com o avanço da tecnologia em materiais reabilitadores, novos materiais e técnicas foram criados, no entanto, o cimento de fosfato de zinco segue como primeira escolha entre os especialistas para cimentação final de próteses métalo-cerâmicas.

Estudo comparativo in vivo entre o cimento de fosfato de zinco e o resinoso / Comparative study in vivo between the zinc phosphate cement and resin cement

A cimentação da prótese parcial fixa ao dente preparado é um passo relevante, pois é através desta que veda a diminuta área existente entre o elemento artificial e a estrutura dental, protegendo esta última de elementos irritantes de natureza química, física e bacteriana. Este estudo objetivou analisar qualitativamente a colonização bacteriana supercifial do cimento de fosfato de zinco e do cimento resinoso submetidos ao ataque microbiano in vivo por 7, 14, 21 e 30 dias. Verificou-se que, com o passar do tempo, o cimento de fosfato de zinco apresentou, em geral, uma quantidade maior de microorganismos na sua superfície do que o cimento resinoso.

The cementation of the fixed partial prosthesis the prepared tooth is an important step, because it is through this that the small area tetween the artificial element and teeth structure is closed, protecting the it from the chemical, physical and bacterial nature of irritable elements. The study aims at analyzing qualitatively the superficial bacterial colonization of both zinc phosphate and resin cement submitted to microbial attack in vivo during 7, 14, 21 and 30 days. It was verified that, with time, the zinc phosphate cement has, in general, a larger quantity of microorganisms on the surface of the resin cement.

Influência da superfície do preparo dentário e do cimento de fosfato na resistência à tração de copings metálicos / Influence of tooth preparation surface and zinc phosphate cement on the tensile bond strength of metallic copings

Objetivo: Avaliar a resistência à tração de copings de prata-estanho cimentados em dentina humana variando o cimento de fosfato e a superfície do preparo dentário. A hipótese nula foi que a superfície do preparo e o tipo cimento de fosfato não influenciam na resistência à tração dos copings metálicos.Método: Utilizando um torno mecânico, foram realizados preparados padrões para coroas totais em sessenta terceiros molares humanos, extraídos por indicação periodontal, sendo trinta preparos (Gr1) realizados com ponta montada diamantada (Komet, USA) e os outros trinta (Gr2) com broca carbide (Komet, USA). Para cada preparo foram confeccionados copings metálicos, os quais foram cimentados (carga axial: 5kg, tempo: 7 minutos) sobre os respectivos preparos dentários com três diferentes cimentos de fosfato de zinco (n=10): Gr1a/Gr2a- S.S. White, Gr1b/Gr2b - DFL e Gr1c/Gr2c - LS (Vigodent). Após 48 horas (estufa: 370C), os espécimes foram submetidos ao teste de resistência à tração (1mm/min; 50Kgf) em uma máquina de ensaio universal (EMIC). Os dados (Kgf) foram submetidos à análise estatística utilizando os testes ANOVA (dois fatores) e Tukey (5%).Resultados: Os valores obtidos para as condições experimentais foram: Gr1a (20,43±2,4Kgf), Gr1b (23,5±5,6Kgf), Gr1c (33,2±6,3Kgf), Gr2a (25,1±9,5Kgf), Gr2b (27,8±3,6Kgf) e Gr2c (32,5±8,3Kgf). Os resultados demonstraram que o efeito principal superfície do preparo não foi significante (p=0,1), mas analisando o tipo de cimento os grupos Gr1c e Gr2c foram superiores aos demais grupos (p=0,001). A hipótese nula foi rejeitada.Conclusão: O cimento LS gerou valores superiores de resistência à tração, independente do tipo de broca utilizada.